Written by a plethora of expert contributors from a range of institutions, the Handbook of Technology Transfer provides an engaging deep-dive review of technology transfer as a complex and dynamic process, applying different mechanisms characterising activities in a variety of countries. The Handbook takes a fresh look at how technology transfer comprises at least four dimensions: the underlying mechanism of transferring knowledge; the role of individuals that trigger the transfer; the role of institutions where the transfer takes place, and lastly the role of governments and politics. Split into four distinct parts, this insightful Handbook fully examines each of these dimensions and the roles that each of them play in technology transfer, highlighting university institutions in Europe and North America in particular. Forward-thinking, it also delves into future innovation implementation in emerging economies where resources are limited, and the challenges faced as a result. This enlightening Handbook will be an excellent resource for scholars of business management, economics and information technology. It will also be of great interest to policy-makers of innovation and entrepreneurship given its in-depth look at technology transfer and innovation.

This timely book argues that the overcrowding of national parks in the United States represents a social problem in need of public sector action and a policy solution, as no systematic means to address this problem has been implemented either nationally or on a park-by-park basis. Throughout the book, Albert N. Link provides an innovative pricing solution to the overcrowding of the parks which will help to change the existing status quo. Utilizing a methodology grounded in economics, and expanding the use and policy relevance of the concept of public sector entrepreneurship, the author illustrates how individuals respond to prices and offers a method to estimate the impact of a seasonal entrance fee based on calculated price elasticities of demand. Chapters also provide recommendations for increases in seasonal entrance fees individually for each of the national parks that currently have an entrance fee. Public Sector Entrepreneurship will be a key resource for academics and students in the fields of entrepreneurship, public management and resource management who are looking to use economics as a framework for analyzing tourism topics, as well as environmental researchers and public policy officials responsible for national parks.

While much has been written about the U.S. Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program from both an institutional and a policy perspective, there remains a conspicuous void of general information about firms and research projects that are funded through the program. Providing a multi-dimensional picture of such firms and their projects, this incisive book is designed to help the reader understand in more depth the social benefits associated with the SBIR program. Albert N. Link and Martijn van Hasselt discuss the U.S. SBIR program from an institutional, empirical, and policy perspective, examining the policy transfer of the program to other countries, the transfer of technical knowledge through patents and scientific publications, and the technology transfer of commercialised research outputs. Exploring new program and project relationships, the book could serve as a springboard for future in-depth analyses about the SBIR program and its impact on economic and social matters. Forward-thinking in approach, Small Firms and U.S. Technology Policy provides a roadmap for future academic and policy research into the SBIR program, making it a valuable read for scholars and students of business and management studies. U.S. and international policymakers and business owners will also benefit from its discerning look into the SBIR program.

This book is about inventions and innovation in U.S. Federal Laboratories. The inventions discussed are defined by the technology transfer mechanism known by the term invention disclosures, and the innovations that follow are outputs from the technology transfer process. The demonstrated positive relationships in the book's model are the groundwork for suggesting not only a rethinking of the extant empirical research, within the context of a knowledge production function, but also a refocusing of U.S. technology policy in support of technology transfer from Federal Laboratories. Invention, Innovation and U.S. Federal Laboratories brings a comprehensive and accessible discussion of technology transfer to academic researchers in economics, public policy, and public administration, as well as to policy makers and Federal Laboratory directors.

Elgar Advanced Introductions are stimulating and thoughtful introductions to major fields in the social sciences, business and law, expertly written by the world's leading scholars. Designed to be accessible yet rigorous, they offer concise and lucid surveys of the substantive and policy issues associated with discrete subject areas. This insightful Advanced Introduction provides an in-depth review of current U.S. technology policy, tracing the legislative history of policies such as the Economic Recovery Tax Act, the Small Business Innovation Development Act and the National Cooperative Research Act. The critical elements of the ecosystem in which technology policy exists are also discussed, with a particular focus on U.S. patent policy and U.S. investments in infrastructure technology. Key features include: Historical trace of U.S. technology policy ideas over the past 75 years Comparison of U.S. technology policies to those in other nations Agenda for future thinking about U.S. technology policy Integrated discussion of U.S. technology policy Economic rationale for U.S. technology policy This Advanced Introduction will be invaluable for international business leaders and policymakers, in addition to scholars in economics, public administration, business and public policy.

This book discusses technology policy and innovation policy from an international perspective, with a particular emphasis on the policies of the United States and the United Kingdom. The importance of these policy areas, as well as their relationship to one another, is a unifying theme throughout, and this relationship is illustrated through an integrating policy framework. Private sector and public sector investments in R&D are posited to be the relevant target variables for technology policy, and vehicles to provide incentives for making each more effective are discussed along with suggestive information about how effective incentives have actually been. Consideration is given to the unintended consequences of technology policy. Also emphasized is the environment in which technology policy is promulgated and its relationship to a global innovation ecosystem. Innovation policy is a consequence of technology policy, and the innovation policies of various countries are also discussed. Technology and Innovation Policy will benefit academic researchers, senior scientists, innovation and technology policy makers, and graduate students who seek a deeper understanding of the relationship between technology and innovation policies from an international perspective.

New technologies, with their practical contributions, provide social value. The chapters in this volume view this social value from a program evaluation perspective, and the focus of the evaluations is the generation of new technology funded by public sector agencies. Through keen and approachable analysis, the authors provide important background on both methodology and application. Link and Scott have assembled a collection of their seminal works on the social value of new technology. The first paper provides a general, hands-on overview of the theory and practice of program evaluation, while remaining chapters go on to focus on a number of public sector programs ranging from the U.S. Department of Defense Small Business Innovation Research program to Canada's programs to support the development of medical imaging technology. The authors demonstrate that this area of research is relevant not only to established scholars and practitioners, but also to students. This book will serve as a valuable resource to academic researchers and graduate students in public administration, public policy, and economics, as well as practitioners in the evaluation field. Contributors include: S.D. Allen, D.B. Audretsch, B.M. Downs, L.M. Hillier, D.P. Leech, S.K. Layson, A.N. Link, A.C. O'Connor, J.T. Scott

Elgar Advanced Introductions are stimulating and thoughtful introductions to major fields in the social sciences, business and law, expertly written by the world's leading scholars. Designed to be accessible yet rigorous, they offer concise and lucid surveys of the substantive and policy issues associated with discrete subject areas. This insightful Advanced Introduction provides an in-depth review of current U.S. technology policy, tracing the legislative history of policies such as the Economic Recovery Tax Act, the Small Business Innovation Development Act and the National Cooperative Research Act. The critical elements of the ecosystem in which technology policy exists are also discussed, with a particular focus on U.S. patent policy and U.S. investments in infrastructure technology. Key features include: Historical trace of U.S. technology policy ideas over the past 75 years Comparison of U.S. technology policies to those in other nations Agenda for future thinking about U.S. technology policy Integrated discussion of U.S. technology policy Economic rationale for U.S. technology policy This Advanced Introduction will be invaluable for international business leaders and policymakers, in addition to scholars in economics, public administration, business and public policy.

Elgar Research Agendas outline the future of research in a given area. Leading scholars are given the space to explore their subject in provocative ways, and map out the potential directions of travel. They are relevant but also visionary. Within the span of a generation, innovation and entrepreneurship have emerged as two of the most vital forces in the economy and in society. This Research Agenda highlights new insights and approaches to guide future thinking, research and policy in the area. To accomplish this, the editors have brought together a group of accomplished scholars spanning economics, management, public policy and finance. Drawing on the experiences and insights of leading scholars this Research Agenda covers a broad array of rich and promising topics, including entrepreneurial ecosystems, finance and the role of universities. Focusing on the intersection and overlap between the two disciplines, the Research Agenda begins by establishing the theoretical basis between the two topics, before exploring impact, context, academic entrepreneurship, start-ups, policy and corporate governance. The book concludes with three provocative chapters: Friederike Welter highlighting the power of words and images, Sameeksha Desai discussing the role of artificial intelligence and Mark Casson presenting a case for radical change to how entrepreneurship is studied. Presenting the most salient findings and themes in current literature, A Research Agenda for Entrepreneurship and Innovation is essential for researchers in innovation, as well as policy makers at both the local and national levels influenced by the increasing importance of entrepreneurship and innovation.

There is growing interest in the relationship between gender and entrepreneurial activity. In this book, 37 eminent scholars from diverse academic disciplines contribute cutting-edge research that addresses, from a gender perspective, three general areas of importance: key characteristics of entrepreneurs, key performance attributes of entrepreneurial firms, and the role of financial capital in the establishment and growth of entrepreneurial firms. Each chapter focuses on original, burgeoning themes related to gender and entrepreneurship, with forward-looking research that highlights key findings. For example, some authors show how the so-called 'gender divide' in patenting is greater than in publishing for academic entrepreneurs. Others explore the corruption in business practices, which is less for women entrepreneurs than their male counterparts, and explain why gender diversity is higher in equity crowdfunding than in other entrepreneurial finance markets. The book takes a global approach, offering examples of entrepreneurs from around the world. Scholars and students interested in entrepreneurship and the role of gender in business will find this volume informative and eye opening. Contributors include: D.B. Audretsch, D. Benaroio, O. Bengtsson, A. Blume, M.E. Blume-Kohout, F. Carne, S. Coleman, J.A. Cunningham, B. Dolan, R.K. Goel, D. Goektepe-Hulten, C.S. Hayter, J. Hegland, N. Hodges, M. Johannesson, E. Karpova, M. Koparanova, E. Leahey, E.E. Lehmann, A.N. Link, L. Lynch, V. Mangematin, S. Marcketti, R. Mohammed, C. O'Kane, P. O'Reilly, M. Parker, R. Ram, A. Robb, T. Sanandaji, C. Trentini, S. Vismara, K. Watchravesringkan, M. Williams, K. Wirsching, R.-N. Yan, J. Yurchisin

Entrepreneurship these days is evident, even showcased, in so many places that it is harder for anyone interested in the field to really know about all of its many facets. That diversity is what makes the Concise Guide so essential. The Guide's ability to provide an expert's take in just a couple of pages on key topics in entrepreneurship is a boon to anyone interested in entrepreneurship. This is not a volume for your bookcase. You will want it at-hand as your explore the world of entrepreneurship.' - Jerome Katz, Saint Louis University, USThe Concise Guide to Entrepreneurship, Technology and Innovation brings together internationally recognized scholars to summarize the state of knowledge about fundamental topics in entrepreneurship, technology, and innovation. Written by the top international scholars in their field, this book has an encyclopaedic range; from academic entrepreneurship to valuing an entrepreneurial enterprise. Each chapter provides an informed overview of the topic and references in each chapter guide the reader to the more advanced literature. This landmark book will be the first port of call for any student or scholar seeking a brief introduction to each of the fundamental topics in entrepreneurship, technology, and innovation. Contributors: D.B. Audretsch, C. Boardman, B. Bozeman, S.R. Bradley, A. Burke, U. Cantner, M. Casson, S. Cazzago, J.A. Cunningham, P. Davidsson, A. De Massis, M. Deloof, D. Dunlap, W. Geoghegan, V. Ghosal, J. Hanssens, C.S. Hayter, M. Herzig, A. Kao, M. Kenney, D.F. Kuratko, H. Landstroem, E.E. Lehmann, D.P. Leyden, X. Liu, A.N. Link, S. Manigart, G.D. Markman, H. Meier, M.H. Morris, A.J. Nelson, C. O'Kane, D. Organ, S. Parker, G.T. Payne, M. Perkmann, L.S. Peters, P.H. Phan, E.A. Prasetio, J.H. Rooksby, G.E. Shockley, T. Standaert, A. Talrico, R. Thurik, T. Vanacker, S. Vismara, N.S. Vonortas, J. West, P. Westhead, K. Wirsching, M. Wright

This comprehensive single volume includes seminal articles written by eminent scholars that study the role of standards in the competitive process, the diffusion of standards throughout industry and the role of the public sector in support of standards development. With an original introduction by the editor, this volume is an excellent source of reference and provides an invaluable foundation for students and researchers interested in standards.

Cyberspace is the nervous system of today's advanced economies, linking critical infrastructures across public and private institutions. The authors of this book comprehensively explore the many issues surrounding this unique system, including private sector cyber security investment decisions and implementation strategies, public policy efforts to ensure overall security, and government's role in the process. The authors draw primarily on case-based information and focused survey data to describe and critique the economic strategies and broad technical approaches that private sector organizations adopt to secure their information technology infrastructure. Based on an analysis of these strategies, they propose several public policy responses that go beyond those that have come from recent policy reports. These responses include the construction of a national database of reliable and cost-effective information suitable for benchmarking, and public research and development support for innovations and infrastructures. The authors discuss the goal of such efforts: to shift private investments toward more socially-optimal proactive levels and to develop standards and protocols to ensure a more effective use of cyber security technologies. The first systematic analysis of the economics of cyber security, this insightful book will be of great interest to private and public sector managers and strategists involved in cyber security, as well as academics and researchers in the fields of economics, management, information systems, systems engineering, political science, and public policy.

Technology Transfer and US Public Sector Innovation provides an overview of US technology policies that are the genesis for observed technology transfer activities. By describing the technology transfer process from US federal laboratories and other public sector organizations, this exploration informs the reader in detail of how the transfer process behaves and the social benefits associated with it. Empirical information and evidence are presented on myriad forms of technology transfer including, but not limited to, patents, licenses and CRADA activity. Publications are a form of technology transfer as are new metrics that quantify the efficiency of the technology transfer process. Link and Oliver's work will be of great use to public policy makers in industrialized countries, scientists in federal laboratories worldwide and academic researchers. In addition, it will hold an important position in national and academic libraries.

The impact of technological change on the wider economy, especially its impact on economic growth, has been one of the key themes in the transition from the industrial age to the information age.

Metrology is the study of measurement science. Although classical economists have emphasized the importance of measurement per se, the majority of economics-based writings on the topic have taken the form of government reports related to the activities of specific national metrology laboratories. This book is the first systematic study of measurement activity at a national metrology laboratory, and the laboratory studied is the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) within the U.S. Department of Commerce. The primary objective of the book is to emphasize for academic and policy audiences the economic importance of measurement not only as an area of study but also as a tool for sustaining technological advancement as an element of economic growth. Toward this goal, the book offers an overview of the economic benefits and consequences of measurement standards; an argument for public sector support of measurement standards; a historical perspective of the measurement activities at NIST; an empirical analysis of one particular measurement activity at NIST, namely calibration testing; and a roadmap for future research on the economics of metrology.

The relationship between the innovative behavior and the minority status, gender, and immigration status of, for example, owners, directors, principal investigators, and project managers has only begun to be explored, especially within and among entrepreneurial organizations. Data limitations are certainly one culprit for the paucity of research in this area, but also the economics literature has been slow to move from a technical capital (i.e., investments in R&D) to an innovative behavior focus to an alternative focus that examines the relationship between dimensions of human capital of those who are involved with R&D investments and resulting innovative behavior. The chapters in this edited volume advance this body of thought. These chapters represent foundational research for a nature versus nurture discussion as it relates to innovative behavior, especially a discussion that considers the innovative behavior within and among entrepreneurial organizations. The chapters in this book were originally published as a special issue of Economics of Innovation and New Technology.

There has been a dramatic increase in expenditures on public goods over the past thirty years, particularly in the area of research and development. As governments explore the many opportunities for growth in this area, they - and the general public - are becoming increasingly concerned with the transparency, accountability and performance of public programs. This pioneering Handbook offers a collection of critical essays on the theory and practice of program evaluation, written by some of the most well-known experts in the field. As this volume demonstrates, a wide variety of methodologies exists to evaluate particularly the objectives and outcomes of research and development programs. These include surveys, statistical and econometric estimations, patent analyses, bibliometrics, scientometrics, network analyses, case studies, and historical tracings. Contributors divide these and other methods and applications into four categories - economic, non-economic, hybrid and data-driven - in order to discuss the many factors that affect the utility of each technique and how that impacts the technological, economic and societal forecasts of the programs in question. Scholars, practitioners and students with an interest in economics and innovation will all find this Handbook an invaluable resource. Contributors include: S. Arvanitis, B. Bozeman, S. Casault, S.E. Casey, I. Feller, M.P. Gallaher, D.O. Gray, A.J. Groen, D. Hicks, J.E. Jankowski, G.B. Jordan, G. Kingsley, A.N. Link, J.D. Linton, R.J. Loomis, J. Melkers, A.C. O Connor, D. Rivers, R. Ruegg, J.T. Scott, P. Thomas, N.S. Vonortas

In order to understand collaborative research activity in the United States, it is important to understand the contextual environment in which firms pursue a collaborative research strategy. The U.S. environment for formal collaborative research was established through a number of policy initiatives promulgated in the 1980s in response to the widespread productivity slowdown throughout industry that began in the early 1970s and then intensified in the late 1970s and early 1980s. These initiatives include the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, the Stevenson-Wydler Act of 1980 and its amendments, the National Cooperative Research Act of 1984 and its amendments, and the Federal Technology Transfer Act of 1986. Collaborative Research in the United States offers a critical and retrospective description of collaborative research activity in the United States in an effort to provide a prospective framework for policymakers to evaluate future policy initiatives to encourage such strategic behavior. The analysis that underlies the policy framework draws from the performance of U.S. firms' experiences, presenting a quantitative foundation for recommendations about future policy initiatives. It will be of interest to researchers, academics, policymakers, and students in the fields of critical management studies, strategic management, economics, and public policy.

Metrology is the study of measurement science. Although classical economists have emphasized the importance of measurement per se, the majority of economics-based writings on the topic have taken the form of government reports related to the activities of specific national metrology laboratories. This book is the first systematic study of measurement activity at a national metrology laboratory, and the laboratory studied is the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) within the U.S. Department of Commerce. The primary objective of the book is to emphasize for academic and policy audiences the economic importance of measurement not only as an area of study but also as a tool for sustaining technological advancement as an element of economic growth. Toward this goal, the book offers an overview of the economic benefits and consequences of measurement standards; an argument for public sector support of measurement standards; a historical perspective of the measurement activities at NIST; an empirical analysis of one particular measurement activity at NIST, namely calibration testing; and a roadmap for future research on the economics of metrology.

The terms 'entrepreneur' and 'entrepreneurship' take on a very specific and somewhat narrow meaning with regard to the connection between entrepreneurship and technology policy. In the context of this volume, entrepreneurship is defined to refer to the innovative and risk taking activities that are specific to small firms. This authoritative volume is divided into four parts: Government's Direct Support of R&D, Government's Leveraging of R&D, Government's Infrastructure Policies, and Knowledge Flows from Universities and Laboratories. Most of the journal articles are relatively new, being published since the mid- to late-1990s, but these key articles represent what could become the cornerstone for all future research related to entrepreneurship and technology policy.

This research collection illustrates the wide range of methodologies and methods available for the evaluation of public programs. All these methods address the benefits of the programs and most compare the benefits to costs, but the types of benefits and their measures vary greatly across the studies and across the different types of public programs. The key articles presented here explore these different approaches and offer many examples of actual evaluations of public programs across different public policy settings. Professor Link and Professor Scott have provided an authoritative original introduction, which elucidates this diversity of approaches and settings and challenges scholars to contemplate an evaluation in terms of its theoretical foundation.

Using a cutting-edge structure, where a current description of the service sector and up-to-date case studies are compared and contrasted with innovative activity in manufacturing, this book contributes towards a better theoretical understanding of innovation in the U.S. service sector. The U.S. service sector is the largest sector in the U.S. economy and accounts for an increasingly significant share of U.S. gross domestic product, currently 68 percent. Both in the United States, as well as in other industrialized nations, the service sector is a dynamic component of economic activity and growth. As pervasive and economically important as the service sector is, innovative activity in service-sector firms remains somewhat of an enigma; it is not well understood and not well defined because it differs dramatically from the traditional model of innovation in manufacturing. Innovation in the U.S. Service Sector fills this void, placing emphasis on the United States, but with global relevance. It is essential reading for all students of business and management, economics and political science.

For this invaluable collection, Professor Link has selected the most significant articles that have emerged in the last fifty years in the field of innovation policy. The first volume addresses the foundations of innovation policy and covers essential topics such as governments' role in innovation, the patent system and fiscal policies that promote innovation. The second volume explores specific innovation policies and their social impact, including public research and development, the changing role of universities in the innovation process and technology transfer policies. In his introduction, Professor Link offers an authoritative and insightful overview of innovation policy in industrialized nations, identifying at least two paradigms that motivate governments' role in innovation policy.

This volume brings together eminent international scholars to discuss and analyze regional and national technology and innovation policies from an economic assessment or economic impacts perspective. The analysis covers policies relevant to countries in Europe and Asia, and the United States. Not only might this volume initiate further study of technology and innovation policies, on a country-by-country basis, but also it might open doors for comparative policy analysis. This book was originally published as a special issue of Economics of Innovation and New Technology.